Part 1

READING PASSAGE 1

Read the text below and answer Questions

Read the text below and answer Questions 1-5.

      Want to rent a property?

        Here is a brief description of some rental property agencies to choose from

A  Aynho Properties
With over 50 years experience, we offer a comprehensive sales and lettings service. Our firm has been based in Shipton Street since its foundation and so we have a thorough knowledge of the surrounding neighbourhood. Our staff make every effort to match clients' needs to an appropriate property, whether you are looking to rent an apartment, a bungalow or a house.

B. Danesdale Agency
As soon as you walk in our door, we will make every effort to find the right flat for you to rent. Everything we do is based on good practice - you supply written references and pay the rent on time, and in return we'll visit the property every four months to ensure it is maintained and that any necessary repairs are done.

C Jakesford Properties
As a family-run business with over 20 years experience in the property market, we pride ourselves on treating every client with kindness and consideration. The landlords on our books have been selected with great care so that you can be sure they will look after your interests. Thousands of customers from all over the world have written to us to express their appreciation for the service we have offered them.

D Kasama Letting
Our highly experienced team works hard to provide peace of mind for both tenants and landlords. James Kettering, our customer liaison officer, is always at the end of the phone to answer any queries you may have. We also have an administration officer, who deals with contracts, rents and personal queries.

E Leftfield Letting
While the main objective of some letting agents is to get as much money as possible for their properties, we aim to secure a fair deal for tenants and a trouble-free service for landlords. We use modern marketing techniques that include price comparisons for similar properties with other agencies in the are so that you can make a fully informed decision.

Read the text below and answer Questions 6-14.

        Cycle lights

                                                What are the legal requirements?

You must have approved front and rear lights that are lit, clean and working properly when cycling between sunset and sunrise. It's no defence to say that it was past sunset but not yet dark. The legal lighting obligations for cyclists are determined by sunset and sunrise times - not the 'hours of darkness', which start 30 minutes after the former, end 30 minutes before the latter and dictate when motorists must switch from sidelights to headlights.

Cycling UK's guide to cycling regulations explains the Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations in detail, but in summary you need a white light at the front and a red light at the rear, visible from the front and rear respectively and fixed to your bike. A light obscured by a saddlebag isn't legal and neither is a torch on your head, though there's nothing to stop you using a head-torch as an additional light.

The regulations also now allow flashing lights, provided they flash between 60 and 240 times per minute. The legal requirements for reflectors include a red rear reflector and four amber pedal reflectors, one at the front and rear of each pedal. Common sense might suggest that a reflective heel strip or ankle band could replace an amber pedal reflector, but unfortunately these do not meet the legal requirements. This is an annoying problem for riders who use bikes where the feet are attached to the pedals and cannot stip. These pedals are not designed with enough space to accommodate reflectors and make this an area of legislation in need of change.

Unlike with other vehicles, lights are not a legal requirement for cyclists when there is seriously reduced visibility during the daytime, although we wouldn't recommend cycling through dense fog without lighting up.

Part 2

READING PASSAGE 2

Read the text below and answer Questions 15-20.

Maintaining a safe environment for employees working on computers

Under health and safety law, you must ensure that the working environment meets

                                    certain minimum requirements

Workstation furniture
The work desk or work surface should be big enough to allow the user to arrange the screen, keyboard and documents, etc. in a flexible way. It should be stable and positioned so that it's comfortable when an employee uses a document holder, but also big enough to let the user work comfortably and to alter their position.

The working environment
You need to assess noise levels. The equipment shouldn't be so noisy that it distracts the user. If you can't use quieter equipment, consider soundproofing or moving the equipment. You could use partitions between noisy equipment and the rest of the workstation as an alternative.

Lighting is also an important consideration. Surrounding windows must have curtains or blinds which users can adjust to prevent reflected glare. If needed, provide users with lighting appropriate to their tasks and particular workstation. Users should have control over their lighting to prevent reflected glare.

Temperature-wise, the equipment should not give out so much heat that the user becomes uncomfortable, so monitor this. It's also important that you maintain ventilation, and you control humidity so that it is at a level which keeps the user comfortable.

Task design and rest breaks
Good design of the task can be as important as the right choice of furniture and equipment. Whenever possible you should design jobs so that employees have a mix of activities and some control over which tasks they perform and when. You should match staffing levels to workload so that individuals are neither overworked nor underworked and give employees some say in the way work is carried out and the planning that goes into it.

An employee's need for rest breaks will vary depending on the type of work they are doing and how intensely they are working. As a general rule, however, short, frequent breaks are better than longer, less frequent ones. A 5-10-minute break after 50-60 minutes' work is better than a 15-20-minute break after two hours. The employee should, at times, have a choice over when to take breaks and they should be encouraged to do non-work activities during their break, ideally away from the workstation.

Read the text below and answer Questions 21-27.

          Using portable ladders

 Workers use portable ladders for a variety of jobs outside, such as

      first- and second-floor window cleaning and building repairs

Employers need to oversee all ladders that are owned by their company. Detailed visual inspections should be carried out on a regular basis, and they should have an up-to-date record of these. Before starting a job, employers are also responsible for ensuring any ladder is the right length to meet the needs of the task; reaching out from the very top of a ladder is highly dangerous. Once you get a ladder, you, as user of the ladder, should conduct a pre-use check each working day. Conducting pre-use checks should have been part of your training and should be done in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. When doing a check, it is important to focus on the steps and make sure they are not loose as this could cause an accident. Similarly, a cracked joint in the ladder could cause it to fail.

Almost all falls from ladders happen because the ladder moves unexpectedly. The key factor in preventing falls from ladders is to ensure your ladder is stable whilst being used. First, make sure that you choose level ground on which to set up your ladder. There are specially designed tools you can use to ensure this - don't just use a piece of wood. Second, check the ground surface is dirt-free and solid, so the feet can grip and the ladder doesn't sink.

Before you go up your ladder, look at the surrounding environment. Make sure the ladder cannot be struck by vehicles. If necessary, safeguard the area by placing red and white cones around it. Ensure it will not be pushed over by other hazards such as opening doors. Doors and windows may need to be secured where possible. Finally, think about the hazards to the general public and make sure they cannot walk underneath it or get too near to it. A 'danger' sign at the base is often the best way of doing this.

To secure the ladder, tie it to a suitable point, such as a window or railing, making sure both sides are attached. Where this is not practical, secure it to the wall near the base of the ladder with ties; avoid using blocks to wedge the ladder in place as they can easily move.

Part 3

READING PASSAGE 3

Read the text below and answer Questions 28-40.

      The story of the Fosbury Flop

A. On October 20, 1968, a 21-year-old university student from the USA called Dick Fosbury completely transformed the sport of high jumping with a gold-medal and Olympic-record jump of 2.24 meters at the Mexico City games. Fosbury accomplished this fabulous feat by sailing over the crossbar head first and backward! As colorfully described that day by the Los Angeles Times, "Fosbury goes over the bar like a guy being pushed out of a 30-story window."

B. At first, when asked about how this unorthodox manoeuvre originated, Fosbury would joke with sportswriters, informing some that, because of his university background in physics and engineering, he had initially designed the Flop on paper, and telling others that he had accidentally discovered this technique when ne once tripped and fell backward on his take-off. However, in later interviews, Fosbury revealed that the technique actually unfolded over many years and involved countless trials and errors. "It was simply a natural technique that evolved," he said. "I never thought about how to change it, and I'm sure my coach was going crazy because it kept evolving. I didn't know anyone else in the world would be able to use it."

C. Fosbury explained that when he first learned to high jump at the age of 10 or 11, he tried jumping with the "scissors" style. He said, "I used that style until I went into high school, where my coach explained that I was never going to get anywhere with that technique. He started me with the 'belly roll' technique. However, I was really lousy with that style. I expressed my frustration to coach and he said that if I really wanted, I could still use the 'scissors.'"

So, in his next competition, Fosbury went back to the "scissors" style. He explained: "As the bar was raised each time, I began to lift my hips up and my shoulders went back in reaction to that. At the end of the competition, I had improved my best by 15 cm to 1 m 78 and even placed third! The next two years in high school with my curved approach, I began to lead with my shoulder and eventually was going over head first like today's Floppers."

D. In this way, the Flop evolved, not from design, but from a trial-and-error process which combined repeated effort with the biomechanics of Fosbury's gangling 1 m 93 physique. Sports Illustrated writer Richard Hoffer wrote: "It was on-site engineering, his body and mind working together, making reflexive adjustments with only one goal, getting over the bar." Hoffer explained that although Fosbury's arms and legs seemed to be all over the place, those movements that served to get him a centimeter higher were retained, while the others were gradually eliminated as the technique evolved.

E. What did Fosbury think of the seeming awkwardness of his Flop? "I believe that the Flop was a natural style," he said, "And I was just the first to find it. I can say that because the Canadian jumper Debbie Brill was a few years younger than I was and also developed the same technique, only a few years after me and without ever having seen me."
A striking coincidence? Yes, indeed. But, perhaps not as striking as the fact that a high school student called Bruce Quande was photographed on May 24, 1963 flopping backward over the crossbar. This was the same month that Fosbury recalls having flopped for the first time in the competition when he was at high school!

F.  But completing the Flop successfully was only half the battle; the return to earth still had to be negotiated. Few would even consider such an experiment knowing they'd have to land on their necks. When Fosbury was jumping in high school, he had to land in pits which were filled with wood chips, sawdust, or sand. On one occasion, Fosbury hit his head on the wooden border of the pit. Another time he landed totally out of the pit, flat on his back, knocking the wind out of him. The next year, Fosbury's high school became the first in the region to install foam rubber in its high jump pit, thereby cushioning the jumper's fall and encouraging the use of the potentially dangerous Flop. The Fosbury Flop and cushioned landing areas thus appear to have co-evolved.

G. Fosbury explains how he came to name the Flop. "I'm very proud that I received the naming rights. But the term by which the style is known did not appear overnight. To tell the truth, the first time that I was interviewed and asked 'What do you call this?' I used my engineering analytical side and I referred to it as a 'back lay-out.' It was not interesting, and the journalist didn't even write it down. I noted this. The next time that I was interviewed, that's when I said: 'Well, at home in my town they call it the Fosbury Flop' - and everyone wrote it down. I was the first one to call it that, but it came from a caption on a newspaper photo that said: 'Fosbury flops over bar.' The context was that our town was on a river, very popular for fishing, an hour from the Pacific Ocean. And when you land a fish on the bank, it's flopping. That's the action, and so it’s a good description by a journalist, and I remembered it.”